Abstract:
The criminal liability of beneficial owners plays an increasingly important role in addressing corporate crime, particularly when individuals exercise actual control without holding formal positions within corporate structures. However, legal uncertainty persists regarding the criteria for establishing individual criminal liability, especially in distinguishing beneficial ownership status from actual involvement in criminal conduct. This study examines the legal framework governing beneficial owners’ criminal liability in Indonesia and develops a reconstruction model to strengthen legal certainty and substantive justice. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal two principal issues. First, unclear legal criteria linking beneficial ownership to actual control, criminal contribution, and individual culpability risk both impunity and unjustified punishment based solely on ownership status. Second, complex corporate structures, intermediaries, and limited access to financial, communication, and ownership evidence hinder the establishment of criminal liability. This study proposes revising Articles 47 and 49 of Indonesia’s National Criminal Code to clarify actual control, individual involvement, and evidentiary standards, ensuring proportionate liability, legal certainty, and substantive justice while upholding legality, individual culpability, and individual rights.
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