Abstract:
Halal tourism plays a pivotal role in driving economic growth, particularly in countries with significant Muslim populations. However, the absence of comprehensive and harmonized regulatory frameworks remains a critical legal gap in advancing sustainable halal tourism. This research aims to construct a model of sustainable halal tourism regulation grounded in local wisdom by conducting a comparative normative legal study between Indonesia and Uzbekistan. Employing a conceptual, legislative, and comparative approach, the study reveals several key findings. First, in Indonesia, regulatory ambiguity and inconsistency exist regarding the definition and implementation of halal tourism, resulting in fragmented policies across regions. Central government regulations remain limited, while decentralization efforts have yet to empower local governments effectively. The minimal involvement of local authorities and communities in formulating halal tourism policies represents a significant shortfall, especially when local wisdom should be at the center of sustainable tourism development. Second, in contrast, Uzbekistan has developed a more integrated approach where sustainable tourism policies emphasize environmental preservation and cultural heritage, aligning more closely with the principles of halal tourism. Uzbekistan's model demonstrates the potential for integrating local values into national tourism policies as a foundation for sustainability. Third, the findings underscore the urgency for Indonesia to harmonize its halal tourism regulatory framework by integrating local wisdom and increasing the participatory role of local communities. A culturally contextualized legal approach is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability, legitimacy, and community acceptance of halal tourism practices.
References
Abdul Kadir Jaelani, Resti Dian Luthviati, Muhammad Jihadul Hayat, and Abdur Rohim, ‘Halal Tourism Sector and Tax Allowance Policy: A Case Study Observed from Normative Problems to Effective Implementation’, Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 23.2 (2023), 185–210 https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v23i2.185-210
Achzet, Benjamin, Denise Ott, Rica Fleiner, Marvin Gornik, Andrea Thorenz, and Christoph Helbig, ‘How Sustainability Can Get a Competitive Advantage: State of the Art for Stationary Battery Storage Systems’, Cleaner Chemical Engineering, 10 (2024), 100122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2024.100122
Adham, Khairul Akmaliah, Adlin Masood, Nur Sa’adah Muhamad, and Zizah Che Senik, ‘Halal Industry in Uzbekistan: Analysis Using the Viable System Model’, Kybernetes, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1108/K-11-2022-1598
Adinugraha, H. H., Sartika, M., & Kadarningsih, A., ‘Desa Wisata Halal: Konsep Dan Implementasinya Di Indonesia’, Human Falah, 5.1 (2018), 21 http://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/humanfalah/article/view/1336
Ahsani, Retno Dewi Pramodia, Catur Wulandari, Chandra Dinata, Novia Amirah Azmi, and Aqil Teguh Fathani, ‘The Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Community-Based Tourism in Indonesia’, Journal of Governance, 7.4 (2022) https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v7i4.16232
Ainin, Sulaiman, Ali Feizollah, Nor Badrul Anuar, and Nor Aniza Abdullah, ‘Sentiment Analyses of Multilingual Tweets on Halal Tourism’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 34 (2020), 100658 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100658
Aniqoh, Nur Aini Fitriya Ardiani, and Umi Hanik, ‘The Potential of Halal Tourism Industry in Uzbekistan’, Journal of Digital Marketing and Halal Industry, 3.2 (2021), 111–20 https://doi.org/10.21580/jdmhi.2021.3.2.8634
ARIYANI, Nafiah, and Akhmad FAUZI, ‘A Policy Framework For Sustainable Tourism Development Based On Participatory Approaches: A Case Study In The Kedung Ombo Tourism Area-Indonesia’, GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 40.1 (2022), 129–35 https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.40115-811
Azwar, Tengku Keizerina Devi, Redyanto Sidi, and Bambang Fitrianto, ‘Regulasi Dan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pasien Medical Tourism Di Indonesia: Tantangan Dan Peluang’, JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6.9 (2023), 7175–82 https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i9.2859
Baitullah, Akbar, and Indah Cahyani, ‘Pengaturan Pengelolaan Dan Pengawasan Keuangan Negara Terhadap Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)’, INICIO LEGIS, 2.2 (2021), 153–63 https://doi.org/10.21107/il.v2i2.13049
Barlian, Aristo Evandy A., ‘Konsistensi Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Berdasarkan Hierarki Perundang-Undangan Dalam Prespektif Politik Hukum’, FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 10.4 (2017), 605 https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v10no4.801
Battour, Mohamed, and Mohd Nazari Ismail, ‘Halal Tourism: Concepts, Practises, Challenges and Future’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 19 (2016), 150–54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.008
Bhaskara, Gde Indra, Viachaslau Filimonau, Ni Made Sofia Wijaya, and Ida Ayu Suryasih, ‘Innovation and Creativity in a Time of Crisis: A Perspective of Small Tourism Enterprises from an Emerging Destination’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 46 (2023), 101093 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101093
Boğan, Erhan, Ömer Saraç, Vahit Oğuz Kiper, and Orhan Batman, ‘Exploring Halal Tourism-Related Factors That Mitigate Employees’ Job Pursuit Intention in Halal Hotels: The Moderating Roles of Age and Gender’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55 (2023), 368–79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.05.012
Eitzenberger, Florian J., and Tatjana Thimm, ‘Perception Disparity: Analyzing the Destination Image of Uzbekistan among Residents and Non-Visitors’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 34 (2024), 100946 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100946
Farhan, Hamim, and Khoirul Anwar, ‘The Tourism Development Strategy Based on Rural and Local Wisdom’, Journal of Sustainable Development, 9.3 (2016), 170 https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n3p170
Fathani, Aqil Teguh, Novia Amirah Azmi, Eko Priyo Purnomo, Sukanya Aimim Tham, and Rohana Ahmad, ‘A Systematic Review of Tourism Governance: Sustainable Tourism Governance Model Post COVID-19’, Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 19.1 (2023), 35–50 https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v19i1.1125
Ferdiansyah, Hendry, ‘Pengembangan Pariwisata Halal Di Indonesia Melalui Konsep Smart Tourism’, Tornare, 2.1 (2020), 30 https://doi.org/10.24198/tornare.v2i1.25831
Filimonau, Viachaslau, and Delysia De Coteau, ‘Tourism Resilience in the Context of Integrated Destination and Disaster Management (DM 2 )’, International Journal of Tourism Research, 22.2 (2020), 202–22 https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2329
Ghofur, Abdul, and Kuat Ismanto, ‘Contribution of Local Wisdom as a Halal Tourism Attraction: Case Study of Pekalongan City Central Java Indonesia’, International Journal of Islamic Business and Economics (IJIBEC), 6.1 (2022), 52–62 https://doi.org/10.28918/ijibec.v6i1.5199
Grilli, Gaetano, Emmanouil Tyllianakis, Tiziana Luisetti, Silvia Ferrini, and R. Kerry Turner, ‘Prospective Tourist Preferences for Sustainable Tourism Development in Small Island Developing States’, Tourism Management, 82 (2021), 104178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104178
Hamida, Gautsi, and Irham Zaki, ‘Potensi Penerapan Prinsip Syariah Pada Sektor Kepariwisataan Kota Batu’, Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7.1 (2020), 70 https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss20201pp70-86
Hamzana, Adrian Adi, ‘Pelaksanaan Standarisasi Pelayanan Pariwisata Halal Dalam Pengembangan Pariwisata Di Nusa Tenggara Barat’, Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum, 17.2 (2018) https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v17i2.545
Hardy, Anne, and Leonie J. Pearson, ‘Examining Stakeholder Group Specificity: An Innovative Sustainable Tourism Approach’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8 (2018), 247–58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.05.001
Hariyanto, Eko, ‘Harmonisasi Peraturan Daerah Berdasarkan Asas Lex Superior Derogate Legi Inferiori Untuk Mencapai Kepastian Hukum Dalam Suatu Peraturan Daerah’, Ensiklopedia Education Review, 4.2 (2022) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33559/eer.v4i2.1722
Husni Pasarela, Andri Soemitra, and Zuhrinal M Nawawi, ‘Halal Tourism Development Strategy in Indonesia’, Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi Dan Perubahan Sosial, 9.1 (2022), 14–26 https://doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v9i1.188
Isnaeni, Nurida, Paulina Lubis, Ridhwan Ridhwan, and Fauziah Chairiyati, ‘Halal Tourism Destination Development Strategy Based on Jambi Local Wisdom Seberang City as a Pioneer of Jambi City Halal Tourism Destinations’, International Journal of Social Service and Research, 4.04 (2024), 1150–57 https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v4i04.770
Jaelani, Abdul Kadir, ‘The Standardization of Halal Tourism Management in West Nusa Tenggara’, Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum, 20.2 (2022) https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v20i2.1720
Jaelani, Abdul Kadir, Resti Dian Luthviati, Ahmad Siboy, Sholahuddin Al Fatih, and Muhammad Jihadul Hayat, ‘Artificial Intelligence Policy in Promoting Indonesian Tourism’, Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 2024, 109–37 https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.10623
Kantarci, Kemal, ‘Perceptions of Foreign Investors on the Tourism Market in Central Asia Including Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan’, Tourism Management, 28.3 (2007), 820–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.012
Kawuryan, Megandaru Widhi, Aqil Teguh Fathani, Eko Priyo Purnomo, Lubna Salsabila, Novia Amirah Azmi, Deni Setiawan, and others, ‘Sustainable Tourism Development in Indonesia: Bibliometric Review and Analysis’, Indonesian Journal of Geography, 54.1 (2022) https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.64657
Mahrinasari, M.S., Satria Bangsawan, and Mohamad Fazli Sabri, ‘Local Wisdom and Government’s Role in Strengthening the Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Creative Industries’, Heliyon, 10.10 (2024), e31133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31133
Manalu, Daniella Oktalina, Yudhistya Ayu Kusumawati, and Cuk Tho, ‘Developing Nusantara Mobile Application to Support Local Tourism in Indonesia’, Procedia Computer Science, 227 (2023), 641–50 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.568
Meirezaldi, Onni, ‘Halal Tourism Industry in Indonesia: The Opportunities and Challenges’, in Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Business and Public Administration (AICoBPA 2019) (Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020) https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201116.027
Moshin, Asad, Ana Brochado, and Helena Rodrigues, ‘Halal Tourism Is Traveling Fast: Community Perceptions and Implications’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18 (2020), 100503 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100503
Mukhlishin, Jelang Ramadhan, and Imam Khomeini Hayatullah, ‘Zakat and Waqf Synergies to Accelerating Sustainable Development’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 3.1 (2025), 29–54 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v3i1.56
Musthofa, Budiman Mahmud, Diaz Pranita, Mohamad Sattar Rasul, and Banu Muhammad Haidlir, ‘Institutional Dynamics of Halal Tourism Development in Indonesia and Malaysia’, JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies), 11.1 (2023), 21–41 https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v11i1.9431
Nasir, Abdul, Layaman Layaman, Achmad Otong Busthomi, and Erin Rismaya, ‘Shariah Tourism Based on Local Wisdom: Religious, Income, Motivation, Demand and Value of Willingness to Pay (WTP)’, International Journal of Social Science And Human Research, 05.08 (2022), 3811–16 https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i8-58
Novia, Kersy, ‘Analisis Strategi Pengembangan Desa Wisata Halal Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Di Nagari Maek Kecamatan Bukik Barisan’, I-Tourism: Jurnal Pariwisata Syariah, 3.1 (2023), 15 https://doi.org/10.31958/i-tourism.v3i1.8659
Nozima Zufarova, ‘Tourism Development in Uzbekistan: Comprehensive Analysis of Current Trends and Future Prospects’, YASHIL IQTISODIYOT VA TARAQQIYOT, 1.mxs (2023) https://doi.org/10.55439/GED/vol1_issmaxsusson/a600
Nugroho, Asianto, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, Ravi Danendra, Gusti Faza Aliya, and Fatma Ulfatun Najicha, ‘Implementation of Worker Rights Protection for Government Employees with Employment Agreements’, 2021 https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.023
Nuryanto, Ahmad Dwi, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Bukhadyrov Habibullo, ‘The Imperative of Social Justice on the Insolvency and Workers’ Wage’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.3 (2024), 209–32 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i3.48
Patterson, Ian Robert, and Hamid Tureav, ‘New Developments in Promoting Tourism in Uzbekistan’, Journal of Tourismology, 2020 <https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2020.6.2.0005>
Purniawati, Purniawati, Nikmatul Kasana, and Rodiyah Rodiyah, ‘Good Environmental Governance in Indonesia (Perspective of Environmental Protection and Management)’, The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2.1 (2020), 43–56 https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i1.37328
Putera, Roni Ekha, Aqil Teguh Fathani, Sari Lenggogeni, and Asrinaldi, ‘Tourism Disaster Management Dilemmas: Insights from Mandalika, Indonesia’, Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11 (2025), 101400 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101400
Rao, Yong, Jia Xie, and Xinying Xu, ‘Facilitating “Migrant-Local” Tacit Knowledge Transfer in Rural Tourism Development: A Longitudinal Case Study’, Tourism Management, 100 (2024), 104836 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104836
Ratnasari, Ririn Tri, ‘Halal Tourism Based on Value Creation’, Al-Uqud : Journal of Islamic Economics, 4.2 (2020), 268 https://doi.org/10.26740/al-uqud.v4n2.p268-284
Rizqi, Alda Rifada, ‘Meaningful Participation in Local Regulation Making in Indonesia: A Study of Legislative Law’, Rechtsidee, 11 (2022) https://doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v11i0.801
Rodiyah, Rodiyah, ‘Aspek Demokrasi Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Dalam Perspektif Socio-Legal’, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 41.1 (2012) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.41.1.2012.144-152
Rodiyah, Rodiyah, Ridwan Arifin, and Steven Steven, ‘Local Autonomy and Federalism: How Indonesia Deal with Democracy in the Global Governance?’, Pandecta: Research Law Journal, 15.2 (2020) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v15i2.23268
Rodiyah, Rodiyah, Siti Hafsyah Idris, and Robert Brian Smith, ‘Mainstreaming Justice in the Establishment of Laws and Regulations Process: Comparing Case in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia’, Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8.1 (2023), 333–78 https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.60096
Saifulloh, Saifulloh, Betania Kartika, Mohamad Afiq bin Razali, and Muhammad Aizat Jamaludin, ‘Halal Tourism Based on Local Wisdom in Madura: Opportunities and Challenges’, Amorti: Jurnal Studi Islam Interdisipliner, 2024, 237–42 https://doi.org/10.59944/amorti.v3i1.264
Santoso, Lukman, Agus Triyanta, and Jawahir Thontowi, ‘Halal Tourism Regulations in Indonesia: Trends and Dynamics in the Digital Era’, Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 22.1 (2022), 73–94 https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.73-94
Santoso, Lukman, and Soleh Hasan Wahid, ‘Utilitarianism in Halal Tourism Development in Indonesia’, Mazahib, 22.2 (2023), 243–82 https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v22i2.5418
Satriana, Eka Dewi, and Hayuun Durrotul Faridah, ‘Halal Tourism: Development, Chance And Challenge’, Journal of Halal Product and Research, 1.2 (2018), 32 https://doi.org/10.20473/jhpr.vol.1-issue.2.32-43
Singh, Ravi S., and Payel Ghosh, ‘Geotourism Potential of Coal Mines: An Appraisal of Sonepur-Bazari Open Cast Project, India’, International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9.2 (2021), 172–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.007
Slamet, Irwan Abdullah, and Nur Quma Laila, ‘The Contestation of The Meaning of Halal Tourism’, Heliyon, 8.3 (2022), e09098 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09098
Streimikiene, Dalia, Biruta Svagzdiene, Edmundas Jasinskas, and Arturas Simanavicius, ‘Sustainable Tourism Development and Competitiveness: The Systematic Literature Review’, Sustainable Development, 29.1 (2021), 259–71 https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2133
Sudais, Asif, ‘The Halal and Haram Aspect of Cryptocurrencies in Islam’, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 35.2 (2018), 91–101 https://circlehinternational.org/uploads/reports/report-15810714925e3d3c84b2d1e.pdf#page=90
Suhartanto, Dwi, Christopher Gan, Tomy Andrianto, Tuan Ahmad Tuan Ismail, and Nono Wibisono, ‘Holistic Tourist Experience in Halal Tourism Evidence from Indonesian Domestic Tourists’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 40 (2021), 100884 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100884
Suprapti, Duhita Driyah, Miftah Santalia, and Nena Mahaesti, ‘Pemberdayaan Umkm Sebagai Upaya Pemulihan Ekonomi Dan Peningkatan Pariwisata Di Masa Pandemi’, Jurnal Hukum Dan Politik Dalam Berbagai Perspektif, 1.1 (2023) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/hp.v1i1.107
Tahira, Iffat, ‘Muslim Consumers’ Perceptions of Marketing Korea as a Muslim-Friendly and Halal Tourism Destination: Future Implications’, Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 26.2 (2022), 95–104 https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1090422
Teguh Fathani, Aqil, Roni Ekha Putera, Asrinaldi, Tengku Rika Valentina, Desy Hariyati, Defny Holidin, and others, ‘A Systematical Review of Tourism Disaster Management: Insights from Indonesian’s Journey’, ed. by A. Hakam, Fauzan, S. Subbarayan, and A. Safuan A. Rashid, E3S Web of Conferences, 464 (2023), 05002 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346405002
Tou, Harne Julianti, Melinda Noer, Helmi, and Sari Lenggogeni, ‘Spatial Planning with Local Wisdom for Rural Tourism Development’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 556.1 (2020), 012007 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/556/1/012007
Vitasurya, Vincentia Reni, ‘Local Wisdom for Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism, Case on Kalibiru and Lopati Village, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216 (2016), 97–108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.014
Wahyuni, Sri, and Rahmawati Rahmawati, ‘Analisis Potensi Pariwisata Syariah Di Nusa Tenggara Barat (Studi Kasus Pantai Lawata Di Kota Bima)’, Ar-Ribh : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 4.1 (2021), 62–75 https://doi.org/10.26618/jei.v4i1.5214
Wulandari, Dinda Agustin, Abdul Kadir Jaelani, and Hilaire Tegnan, ‘Income Tax Regulations for Child Content Creators of TikTok Platform: Inefficacy of Indonesian Legal Frameworks’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.2 (2024), 169–91 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i2.35
Xu, Feifei, Nicholas Nash, and Lorraine Whitmarsh, ‘Big Data or Small Data? A Methodological Review of Sustainable Tourism’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28.2 (2020), 144–63 https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1631318
Yuliarni, Novia, Ratih Hurriyati, Disman Disman, Heny Hendrayati, and Lia Warlina, ‘Marketing Strategy of Ecotourism in Uzbekistan and Indonesia’, Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 10.4 (2023), 638–49 https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i4.1359
Yusuf, Muhammad Yasir, Innayatillah Innayatillah, Isnaliana Isnaliana, and Hafiizh Maulana, ‘The Determinants of Tourists’ Intention to Visit Halal Tourism Destinations in Aceh Province’, Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5.2 (2021), 892 https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9270