Abstract:
The growing adoption of artificial intelligence in dispute resolution has reshaped legal procedures and introduced significant challenges concerning procedural justice, institutional legitimacy, and regulatory accountability. Although technological innovation has expanded the capabilities of online dispute resolution, existing legal frameworks have not adequately addressed the risks associated with algorithmic decision making, limited transparency, and unequal access to justice. This study critically examines artificial intelligence governance in dispute resolution by analysing regulatory approaches in Australia, the United States, and the European Union, together with relevant international legal instruments. Using a qualitative doctrinal legal approach, the study examines primary legal materials and scholarly publications indexed in Scopus. It also applies the CRAAP criteria to evaluate the credibility and relevance of the selected sources. The analysis identifies three principal findings. First, fragmented regulatory arrangements and the voluntary participation of commercial actors limit institutional accountability and restrict access to effective dispute resolution. Second, insufficient algorithmic transparency, independent supervision, and meaningful human oversight compromise procedural fairness and weaken confidence in automated decision making. Third, inadequate international cooperation and regulatory gaps concerning transactions involving personal data hinder effective enforcement across jurisdictions. These findings demonstrate the need for a coherent regulatory approach that strengthens institutional responsibility, safeguards procedural rights, and ensures effective legal protection in increasingly digital dispute resolution systems.
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